3D-Printed Patient-Specific Models for CT- and MRI-Guided Procedure Planning | American Journal of Neuroradiology

1naresh2naresh

Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;9eed85982f4556539bf6cda87d941bd8ec85ebe4
                )

        )

)
1naresh2nareshArray
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => OpenAccess
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [25a4ff64-c9bd-4094-a406-64688b1ed594] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 25a4ff64-c9bd-4094-a406-64688b1ed594
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => OpenAccess
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [84989b7e-4e4e-441f-979a-c39e85502fcb] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 84989b7e-4e4e-441f-979a-c39e85502fcb
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;9eed85982f4556539bf6cda87d941bd8ec85ebe4
                )

        )

)
1naresh2nareshArray
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => OpenAccess
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [52c5490f-f1b6-4312-8301-96d063685bdf] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 52c5490f-f1b6-4312-8301-96d063685bdf
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => OpenAccess
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [bd5c2753-dcc6-4a4c-a68f-87e0c32655f1] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => bd5c2753-dcc6-4a4c-a68f-87e0c32655f1
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;9eed85982f4556539bf6cda87d941bd8ec85ebe4
                )

        )

)
1naresh2nareshArray
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;9eed85982f4556539bf6cda87d941bd8ec85ebe4
                )

        )

)
1naresh2nareshArray
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;9eed85982f4556539bf6cda87d941bd8ec85ebe4
                )

        )

)
1naresh2nareshArray
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;9eed85982f4556539bf6cda87d941bd8ec85ebe4
                )

        )

)
1naresh2nareshArray
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 1d26b136-fd46-4bce-8ace-c0be3473f1ce
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 8881775f-50e0-4e5c-a3a7-f069c588389f
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;9eed85982f4556539bf6cda87d941bd8ec85ebe4
                )

        )

)
1naresh2nareshArray
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => OpenAccess
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [247eec94-cf00-490a-bf51-8de4f697f50c] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 247eec94-cf00-490a-bf51-8de4f697f50c
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => OpenAccess
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [ecf9ac12-e21f-43e3-84db-59ebc691492b] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => ecf9ac12-e21f-43e3-84db-59ebc691492b
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;9eed85982f4556539bf6cda87d941bd8ec85ebe4
                )

        )

)


  
    


















































































    3D-Printed Patient-Specific Models for CT- and MRI-Guided Procedure Planning | American Journal of Neuroradiology  
    



















    

































    
  
  




    
      Skip to main content
    
    
  
      
    
      
    
  
    
  
    
  
                
    
      
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
Advertisement

  

  

  
  

  

    
  
  
  
  
  
    
  
    
  
                
    
      
  
    
  
        Main menu
    
  
  
    
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
  Home
ContentCurrent Issue
Publication Preview--Preprint
Publication Preview--Ahead of Print
Past Issue Archive
Case of the Week Archive
Classic Case Archive
Case of the Month Archive
COVID-19 Content and Resources

About UsAbout AJNR
Editorial Board
American Society of Neuroradiology

For AuthorsAuthor Policies
Preprint Publishing
Manuscript Submission Guidelines

Submit a Manuscript
Special CollectionsSpinal CSF Leak Articles (Jan 2020-June 2024)
Most Impactful AJNR Articles
2024 AJNR Journal Awards

MoreSubscribers
Permissions
Advertisers
Alerts
Feedback


  

  
  

  

  

  
  

  
        User menu
    
  
  
    
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
  Subscribe
Alerts
Log in
Log out

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  

  
  

  

  

  
  

  
        Search
    
  
  
    
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
  Search for this keyword 
 



  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  Advanced search
  
  

  
  

  

  

  
  

  

    
  

  
                
    
      
  
    
  
      
  
  
      

  
  

  

    
  
  
  
  
      
  	    
  
    
  
                
    
      
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
  

  
  

  

    
  
  
  
  
  
    
  
        
            
              
                                
                                American Journal of Neuroradiology
                              
          
          

  
    
  
                
    
      
  
    
  
      
  
  
    Subscribe
Alerts
Log in
Log out
  

  
  

  

    
  

  
                
    
      
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
  Search for this keyword 
 



  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    Advanced Search
  

  
  

  

    
  
  
  
  
  
    
  
        
  
                
    
      Home
ContentCurrent Issue
Publication Preview--Preprint
Publication Preview--Ahead of Print
Past Issue Archive
Case of the Week Archive
Classic Case Archive
Case of the Month Archive
COVID-19 Content and Resources

About UsAbout AJNR
Editorial Board
American Society of Neuroradiology

For AuthorsAuthor Policies
Preprint Publishing
Manuscript Submission Guidelines

Submit a Manuscript
Special CollectionsSpinal CSF Leak Articles (Jan 2020-June 2024)
Most Impactful AJNR Articles
2024 AJNR Journal Awards

MoreSubscribers
Permissions
Advertisers
Alerts
Feedback


    
  

  
                
    
       Follow AJNR on Twitter
 Visit AJNR on Facebook
 Follow AJNR on Instagram
 Join AJNR on LinkedIn
 RSS Feeds
    
  
  

  
  
  
  	      
    
      
    
      
        
    
  
    
                        
  
                
    
      
	  
		
		
			
			  
  
      
  
  
    
  
  
      Letter
  
      Open Access
  
      3D-Printed Patient-Specific Models for CT- and MRI-Guided Procedure Planning  
    	E. George, P. Liacouras, T.C. Lee and D. Mitsouras
  
    	American Journal of Neuroradiology July 2017,  38 (7) E46-E47; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5189 
  
  
  

E. George 
aDepartment of Radiology
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Find this author on Google Scholar
Find this author on PubMed
Search for this author on this site
ORCID record for E. George
P. Liacouras 
bWalter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland
Find this author on Google Scholar
Find this author on PubMed
Search for this author on this site
ORCID record for P. Liacouras
T.C. Lee 
cDepartment of Radiology
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Find this author on Google Scholar
Find this author on PubMed
Search for this author on this site
ORCID record for T.C. Lee
D. Mitsouras 
dDepartment of Radiology
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Find this author on Google Scholar
Find this author on PubMed
Search for this author on this site
ORCID record for D. Mitsouras
  

  
  

			
		
	
	
 	
	  
  
		
		
			
			  
  
      
  
  
    Article
Figures & Data
References
Info & Metrics
 PDF
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    

  
    
  
      
  
  
    Image-guided, minimally invasive percutaneous ablations of primary and metastatic tumors are increasingly being performed in the head/neck and the spine. Thermal (radiofrequency, laser, microwave, cryoablation) and nonthermal (irreversible electroporation) ablation techniques provide symptomatic relief in patients considered to be poor surgical candidates, but are associated with a steep learning curve and often require careful planning given the individual patient's anatomy.¹ Safety is also a concern,² particularly as new application sites are explored, such as the posterior spinal elements.³
3D printing is an emerging technology for presurgical planning and simulation, intraoperative navigation, and physician training.⁴ Models of patient anatomy that are 3D-printed from medical images provide spatial comprehension and tactile feedback with the ability to peel away layers of anatomy, providing insight into underlying pathology. To date, 3D-printed simulation of minimally invasive procedures has been limited to conventional angiography procedures, where hollow, radiopaque vascular models can be readily 3D-printed. The next barrier to overcome in this technology is the development of 3D-printing materials and printing techniques that yield models visible with other imaging modalities.
Last year, we began searching for polymeric materials⁴ that possess protons with sufficient mobility to escape substantial dipolar broadening and ultrashort T2 values, so as to enable imaging of 3D-printed models in clinical MR imaging systems.⁵ We aimed to leverage such materials to produce models exhibiting different image characteristics for distinct tissues in both CT and MR imaging.
We now bring to your attention this new technique to 3D-print models replicating patient-specific, complex intertwined anatomy in both CT and MR imaging. A model of a patient with an L1 left lamina osteoblastoma was 3D-printed from the patient's diagnostic CT and MR imaging. Tissues visualized (ie, segmented) in each of the 2 diagnostic scans were spatially aligned to produce a single model combining them. Different mixtures of one MR imaging–visible⁵ and one non-MR imaging–visible material, both of which are radiopaque, were used to produce a model displaying the patient's cortical and cancellous bone and osteoblastoma (as visualized in the patient's CT), spinal nerves, CSF, and epidural fat (as visualized in the patient's MR imaging) with distinct signal characteristics in each imaging modality (Figure).
Download figure
Open in new tab
Download powerpoint
Figure. 3D-printed model of the lumbar spine (bottom left panel) of a patient with L1 left lamina osteoblastoma, designed to replicate the patient's anatomy as seen in the patient's diagnostic CT and MR imaging (top row). The outer black shell of the model is printed in a soft material to mimic soft tissue properties. CT of the 3D-printed model demonstrates cortical and cancellous bone with differential CT Hounsfield units, whereas MR imaging of the model demonstrates cancellous bone with intermediate and cortical bone with dark signal. Neural foramen and nerve root, key structures monitored during MR imaging-guided cryoablation as this patient underwent, are clearly visualized in the MR imaging of the printed model.
This model can be used to simulate CT-guided power drilling and subsequent MR imaging–monitored cryoablation (as ice ball formation is not readily visualized on CT in vivo). This is, in fact, the procedure that this patient underwent at our institution. The signal intensity of the model in MR imaging allowed visualization of the neural foramen and nerve root, key structures monitored during this procedure.
Much further research remains in the field, including the development of 3D-printed materials that better match tissue properties and image characteristics (eg, MR relaxation rates and CT Hounsfield units). However, this new 3D-printing technique holds great promise for image-guided procedure planning toward assessing safety and efficacy and also, importantly, for hands-on training where, at present, limited options, such as virtual reality systems, are currently being explored.
Footnotes
Dr. Dimitrios Mitsouras received research funding from the National Institutes of Health–National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, grant number: K01 EB015868 and Vital Images, a Toshiba Medical Systems Company. Dr. Thomas C. Lee received research funding from the National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, grant number: U41 RR019703.
Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org
References
1.↵
Hinshaw  JL, 
Lubner  MG, 
Ziemlewicz  TJ, et al
. Percutaneous tumor ablation tools: microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation–what should you use and why? Radiographics 2014;34:1344–62 doi:10.1148/rg.345140054 pmid:25208284
CrossRefPubMed
2.↵
Kurup  AN, 
Morris  JM, 
Schmit  GD, et al
. Neuroanatomic considerations in percutaneous tumor ablation. Radiographics 2013;33:1195–215 doi:10.1148/rg.334125141 pmid:23842979
CrossRefPubMed
3.↵
Philip  A, 
Gupta  S, 
Ahrar  K, et al
. A spectrum of nerve injury after thermal ablation: a report of four cases and review of the literature. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013;36:1427–35 doi:10.1007/s00270-012-0491-0 pmid:23070103
CrossRefPubMed
4.↵
Mitsouras  D, 
Liacouras  P, 
Imanzadeh  A, et al
. Medical 3D printing for the radiologist. Radiographics 2015;35:1965–88 doi:10.1148/rg.2015140320 pmid:26562233
CrossRefPubMed
5.↵
Mitsouras  D, 
Lee  TC, 
Liacouras  P, et al
. Three-dimensional printing of MRI-visible phantoms and MR image-guided therapy simulation. Magn Reson Med 2017;77:613–22 doi:10.1002/mrm.26136 pmid:26864335
CrossRefPubMed
© 2017 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  

  
  

  

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
     PreviousNext 
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
     Back to top  

  
  

			
		
		
		
			
			  
  
        In this issue
    
  
  
    
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
    
      
  
  
      
      
          American Journal of Neuroradiology      
      
        	Vol. 38, Issue 7 1 Jul 2017 
      
      
        	Table of Contents
Index by author
Complete Issue (PDF)
      

  

  
  

  

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
Advertisement

  

  

  
  

  

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
	  
  
		
          
            
  
      
  
  
     Print  

  
  

  
      
  
  
     Download PDF  

  
  

  
      
  
  
     Email Article

  
    
  
      
  
  
    
 Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Journal of Neuroradiology.
NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.


  Your Email *
 


  Your Name *
 


  Send To *
 
Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.


  You are going to email the following 
 3D-Printed Patient-Specific Models for CT- and MRI-Guided Procedure Planning


  Message Subject 
 (Your Name) has sent you a message from American Journal of Neuroradiology


  Message Body 
 (Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Journal of Neuroradiology web site.


  Your Personal Message 
 






CAPTCHAThis question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.




  

  
  

  

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
     Citation Tools

  
    
  
      
  
  
      
  
      
  
  
  
  
      3D-Printed Patient-Specific Models for CT- and MRI-Guided Procedure Planning  
    	E. George, P. Liacouras, T.C. Lee, D. Mitsouras
  
    	 American Journal of Neuroradiology Jul 2017, 38 (7) E46-E47; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5189 
  
  
  

  
  
  	      Citation Manager Formats
        
      BibTeX
Bookends
EasyBib
EndNote (tagged)
EndNote 8 (xml)
Medlars
Mendeley
Papers
RefWorks Tagged
Ref Manager
RIS
Zotero
    
  

  

  
  

  

  

  
  

          
        
        
        
          
            
  
      
  
  
     Share  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
  
  
  
  
      3D-Printed Patient-Specific Models for CT- and MRI-Guided Procedure Planning  
    	E. George, P. Liacouras, T.C. Lee, D. Mitsouras
  
    	 American Journal of Neuroradiology Jul 2017, 38 (7) E46-E47; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5189 
  
  
  

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  
    Share This Article:
  
  
    
  
  
    
  

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
       
  

  
  

  

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    Tweet Widget
Facebook Like
Google Plus One
  

  
  

          
        
	
 	
	
	

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
              Purchase  

  
  

  
        Jump to section
    
  
  
    ArticleFootnotes
References
Figures & Data
References
Info & Metrics
 PDF
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  
     Related Articles
No related articles found.
PubMed
Google Scholar
 Cited By...
No citing articles found.
Crossref
Google Scholar
This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.
 Similar Articles

  

  

  
  

			
		
	
	
 	
	
	

    
  

  
                
    
      
  
    
  
      
  
  
    
Advertisement

  

  

  
  

  

    
  
      
  
    
  
      
    
  
    
  
    
  
                
    
      
  
    
  
        News and Updates
    
  
  
    2024 Journal Award Winners
Thanks to our 2023 Distinguished Reviewers
  

  
  

  
  
    
  
        Resources
    
  
  
    Evidence-Based Medicine Level Guide
AJNR Podcast Archive
Librarian Resources
Terms and Conditions
  

  
  

  
  
    
  
        Opportunities
    
  
  
    Get Peer Review Credit from Publons
  

  
  

  
  
    
  
        American Society of Neuroradiology
    
  
  
    Neurographics
Fellowship Portal
Not an ASNR Member? Join Now
  

  
  

  
    
  
  
  
  
  
    
  
    
  
                
    
      
  
    
  
      
  
  
      

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  
      
  
    © 2025 by the American Society of Neuroradiology All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.

Print ISSN: 0195-6108 Online ISSN: 1936-959X