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<meta name="DC.Title" content="3D Enhancement Color Maps in the Characterization of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A7605" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2022-09-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2022 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: High-resolution MR imaging allows the identification of culprit symptomatic plaques after the administration of gadolinium. Current high-resolution MR imaging methods are limited by 2D multiplanar views and manual sampling of ROIs. We analyzed a new 3D method to objectively quantify gadolinium plaque enhancement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with stroke due to intracranial atherosclerotic disease underwent 7T high-resolution MR imaging. 3D segmentations of the plaque and its parent vessel were generated. Signal intensity probes were automatically extended from the lumen into the plaque and the vessel wall to generate 3D enhancement color maps. Plaque gadolinium (Gd) uptake was quantified from 3D color maps as gadolinium uptake = (µPlaque T1 + Gd −µPlaque T1/SDPlaque T1). Additional metrics of enhancement such as enhancement ratio, variance, and plaque-versus-parent vessel enhancement were also calculated. Conventional 2D measures of enhancement were collected for comparison.

RESULTS: Thirty-six culprit and 44 nonculprit plaques from 36 patients were analyzed. Culprit plaques had higher gadolinium uptake than nonculprit plaques ( P  &lt; .001). Gadolinium uptake was the most accurate metric for identifying culprit plaques (OR, 3.9; 95% CI 2.1–8.3). Gadolinium uptake was more sensitive (86% versus 70%) and specific (71% versus 68%) in identifying culprit plaques than conventional 2D measurements. A multivariate model, including gadolinium uptake and plaque burden, identified culprit plaques with an 83% sensitivity and 86% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS: The new 3D color map method of plaque-enhancement analysis is more accurate for identifying culprit plaques than conventional 2D methods. This new method generates a new set of metrics that could potentially be used to assess disease progression.

Gd
:   gadolinium
HR
:   high-resolution
ICAD
:   intracranial atherosclerotic disease
IPH
:   intraplaque hemorrhage
PB
:   plaque burden
RI
:   remodeling index
SI
:   signal intensity" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Sanchez" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Raghuram" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Fakih" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Wendt" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Bathla" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Hickerson" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Ortega-Gutierrez" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Leira" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E.A. Samaniego" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2022-09-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="3D Enhancement Color Maps in the Characterization of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;High-resolution MR imaging allows the identification of culprit symptomatic plaques after the administration of gadolinium. Current high-resolution MR imaging methods are limited by 2D multiplanar views and manual sampling of ROIs. We analyzed a new 3D method to objectively quantify gadolinium plaque enhancement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Patients with stroke due to intracranial atherosclerotic disease underwent 7T high-resolution MR imaging. 3D segmentations of the plaque and its parent vessel were generated. Signal intensity probes were automatically extended from the lumen into the plaque and the vessel wall to generate 3D enhancement color maps. Plaque gadolinium (Gd) uptake was quantified from 3D color maps as gadolinium uptake = (µ&lt;sub&gt;Plaque T1 + Gd&lt;/sub&gt; −µ&lt;sub&gt;Plaque T1&lt;/sub&gt;/SD&lt;sub&gt;Plaque T1&lt;/sub&gt;). Additional metrics of enhancement such as enhancement ratio, variance, and plaque-versus-parent vessel enhancement were also calculated. Conventional 2D measures of enhancement were collected for comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thirty-six culprit and 44 nonculprit plaques from 36 patients were analyzed. Culprit plaques had higher gadolinium uptake than nonculprit plaques (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .001). Gadolinium uptake was the most accurate metric for identifying culprit plaques (OR, 3.9; 95% CI 2.1–8.3). Gadolinium uptake was more sensitive (86% versus 70%) and specific (71% versus 68%) in identifying culprit plaques than conventional 2D measurements. A multivariate model, including gadolinium uptake and plaque burden, identified culprit plaques with an 83% sensitivity and 86% specificity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The new 3D color map method of plaque-enhancement analysis is more accurate for identifying culprit plaques than conventional 2D methods. This new method generates a new set of metrics that could potentially be used to assess disease progression.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="3D Enhancement Color Maps in the Characterization of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: High-resolution MR imaging allows the identification of culprit symptomatic plaques after the administration of gadolinium. Current high-resolution MR imaging methods are limited by 2D multiplanar views and manual sampling of ROIs. We analyzed a new 3D method to objectively quantify gadolinium plaque enhancement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with stroke due to intracranial atherosclerotic disease underwent 7T high-resolution MR imaging. 3D segmentations of the plaque and its parent vessel were generated. Signal intensity probes were automatically extended from the lumen into the plaque and the vessel wall to generate 3D enhancement color maps. Plaque gadolinium (Gd) uptake was quantified from 3D color maps as gadolinium uptake = (µPlaque T1 + Gd −µPlaque T1/SDPlaque T1). Additional metrics of enhancement such as enhancement ratio, variance, and plaque-versus-parent vessel enhancement were also calculated. Conventional 2D measures of enhancement were collected for comparison.

RESULTS: Thirty-six culprit and 44 nonculprit plaques from 36 patients were analyzed. Culprit plaques had higher gadolinium uptake than nonculprit plaques ( P  &lt; .001). Gadolinium uptake was the most accurate metric for identifying culprit plaques (OR, 3.9; 95% CI 2.1–8.3). Gadolinium uptake was more sensitive (86% versus 70%) and specific (71% versus 68%) in identifying culprit plaques than conventional 2D measurements. A multivariate model, including gadolinium uptake and plaque burden, identified culprit plaques with an 83% sensitivity and 86% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS: The new 3D color map method of plaque-enhancement analysis is more accurate for identifying culprit plaques than conventional 2D methods. This new method generates a new set of metrics that could potentially be used to assess disease progression.

Gd
:   gadolinium
HR
:   high-resolution
ICAD
:   intracranial atherosclerotic disease
IPH
:   intraplaque hemorrhage
PB
:   plaque burden
RI
:   remodeling index
SI
:   signal intensity" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="3D Enhancement Color Maps in the Characterization of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/43/9/1252" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: High-resolution MR imaging allows the identification of culprit symptomatic plaques after the administration of gadolinium. Current high-resolution MR imaging methods are limited by 2D multiplanar views and manual sampling of ROIs. We analyzed a new 3D method to objectively quantify gadolinium plaque enhancement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with stroke due to intracranial atherosclerotic disease underwent 7T high-resolution MR imaging. 3D segmentations of the plaque and its parent vessel were generated. Signal intensity probes were automatically extended from the lumen into the plaque and the vessel wall to generate 3D enhancement color maps. Plaque gadolinium (Gd) uptake was quantified from 3D color maps as gadolinium uptake = (µPlaque T1 + Gd −µPlaque T1/SDPlaque T1). Additional metrics of enhancement such as enhancement ratio, variance, and plaque-versus-parent vessel enhancement were also calculated. Conventional 2D measures of enhancement were collected for comparison.

RESULTS: Thirty-six culprit and 44 nonculprit plaques from 36 patients were analyzed. Culprit plaques had higher gadolinium uptake than nonculprit plaques ( P  &lt; .001). Gadolinium uptake was the most accurate metric for identifying culprit plaques (OR, 3.9; 95% CI 2.1–8.3). Gadolinium uptake was more sensitive (86% versus 70%) and specific (71% versus 68%) in identifying culprit plaques than conventional 2D measurements. A multivariate model, including gadolinium uptake and plaque burden, identified culprit plaques with an 83% sensitivity and 86% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS: The new 3D color map method of plaque-enhancement analysis is more accurate for identifying culprit plaques than conventional 2D methods. This new method generates a new set of metrics that could potentially be used to assess disease progression.

Gd
:   gadolinium
HR
:   high-resolution
ICAD
:   intracranial atherosclerotic disease
IPH
:   intraplaque hemorrhage
PB
:   plaque burden
RI
:   remodeling index
SI
:   signal intensity" />
<meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node98739--5" data-node-nid="98739" id="top-node-98739--6458651490" data-pisa="ajnr;43/9/1252" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A7605" data-apath="/ajnr/43/9/1252.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Adult Brain</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">3D Enhancement Color Maps in the Characterization of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">S. Sanchez</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">A. Raghuram</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">R. Fakih</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">L. Wendt</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">G. Bathla</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">M. Hickerson</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">S. Ortega-Gutierrez</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">E. Leira</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">E.A. Samaniego</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 2022,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1252-1258; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7605 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-98739--6458651490" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Sanchez </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., A.R., R.F., M.H., S.O.-G., E.L., E.A.S.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BSanchez%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sanchez%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BSanchez%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-5717" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Sanchez</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Raghuram </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., A.R., R.F., M.H., S.O.-G., E.L., E.A.S.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BRaghuram%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Raghuram%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BRaghuram%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8205-0527" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A. Raghuram</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Fakih </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., A.R., R.F., M.H., S.O.-G., E.L., E.A.S.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BFakih%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fakih%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BFakih%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9147-1737" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R. Fakih</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. Wendt </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Institute for Clinical and Translational Science (L.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BWendt%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wendt%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BWendt%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1832-0486" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L. Wendt</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Bathla </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (G.B., S.O.-G., E.A.S.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BBathla%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bathla%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BBathla%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-242X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for G. Bathla</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Hickerson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., A.R., R.F., M.H., S.O.-G., E.L., E.A.S.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BHickerson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hickerson%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BHickerson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-506X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Hickerson</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Ortega-Gutierrez </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., A.R., R.F., M.H., S.O.-G., E.L., E.A.S.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (G.B., S.O.-G., E.A.S.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Neurosurgery (S.O.-G., E.A.S.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BOrtega-Gutierrez%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ortega-Gutierrez%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BOrtega-Gutierrez%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3408-1297" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. 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Leira </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., A.R., R.F., M.H., S.O.-G., E.L., E.A.S.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BLeira%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Leira%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BLeira%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3695-2946" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. 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Samaniego </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., A.R., R.F., M.H., S.O.-G., E.L., E.A.S.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (G.B., S.O.-G., E.A.S.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Neurosurgery (S.O.-G., E.A.S.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.A.%2BSamaniego%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Samaniego%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.A.%2BSamaniego%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-2268" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E.A. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-43.9.1252.1" data-doi="10.1212/wnl.55.4.490"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Thijs</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">VN</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Albers</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">GW</span></span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis: outcome of patients who fail antithrombotic therapy</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Neurology</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2000</span>;<span 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class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>34470789</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MTE6Im5ldXJpbnRzdXJnIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6IjE0LzgvNzYyIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjA6Ii9ham5yLzQzLzkvMTI1Mi5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">22.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-22-1" title="View reference 22. in text" id="ref-22">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-43.9.1252.22" data-doi="10.1002/jmri.27516"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Shi</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">Z</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Zhao</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Li</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Association of hypertension with both occurrence and outcome of symptomatic patients with mild intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: a prospective higher resolution magnetic resonance imaging study</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Magn Reson Imaging</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">54</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">76</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">88</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span 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<span class="cit-name-given-names">JW</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Cha</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Lee</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">MJ</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Intensive statin treatment in acute ischaemic stroke patients with intracranial atherosclerosis: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study (STAMINA-MRI Study)</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">91</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">204</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">11</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1136/jnnp-2019-320893</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>31371644</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoiam5ucCI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiI5MS8yLzIwNCI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIwOiIvYWpuci80My85LzEyNTIuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">24.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-24-1" title="View reference 24. in text" id="ref-24">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-43.9.1252.24" data-doi="10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.907"><div 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 43</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 9 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Sep 2022 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">3D Enhancement Color Maps in the Characterization of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sanchez</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Raghuram</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fakih</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wendt</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bathla</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hickerson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ortega-Gutierrez</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Leira</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Samaniego</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1252-1258; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7605 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">3D Enhancement Color Maps in the Characterization of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sanchez</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Raghuram</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fakih</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wendt</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bathla</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hickerson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ortega-Gutierrez</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Leira</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Samaniego</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1252-1258; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7605 </span></div>
  
  
  
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