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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A8510" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024-09-27" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The central vein sign (CVS) is a proposed diagnostic imaging biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS). The proportion of white matter lesions exhibiting the CVS (CVS+) is higher in patients with MS compared to its radiological mimics. Evaluation for CVS+ lesions in prior studies have been performed by manual rating, an approach that is time-consuming and has variable inter-rater reliability. Accurate automated methods would facilitate efficient assessment for CVS. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of an automated CVS detection method with manual rating for the diagnosis of MS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3T MRI was acquired in 86 participants undergoing evaluation for MS in a 9-site multicenter study. Participants presented with either typical or atypical clinical syndromes for MS. An automated CVS detection method was employed and compared to manual rating, including total CVS+ proportion and a simplified counting method in which experts visually identified up to 6 CVS+ lesions using FLAIR* contrast (a voxel-wise product of T2 FLAIR and post-contrast T2*-EPI images).

RESULTS: Automated CVS processing was completed in 79 of 86 participants (91%), of whom 28 (35%) fulfilled the 2017 McDonald criteria at the time of imaging. The area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) for discrimination between participants with and without MS for the automated CVS approach was 0.78 (95% confidence interval: [0.67,0.88]). This was not significantly different from simplified manual counting methods (select6*) (0.80 [0.69,0.91]) or manual assessment of total CVS+ proportion (0.89 [0.82,0.96]). In a sensitivity analysis excluding 11 participants whose MRI exhibited motion artifact, the AUC for the automated method was 0.81 [0.70,0.91], which was not statistically different from that for select6* (0.79 [0.68,0.92]) or manual assessment of total CVS+ proportion (0.89 [0.81,0.97]).

CONCLUSIONS: Automated CVS assessment was comparable to manual CVS scoring for differentiating patients with MS from those with other diagnoses. Large, prospective, multicenter studies utilizing automated methods and enrolling the breadth of disorders referred for suspicion of MS are needed to determine optimal approaches for clinical implementation of an automated CVS detection method.

ABBREVIATIONS: CVS= central vein sign; CVS+ = white matter lesions exhibiting the CVS; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MS = multiple sclerosis; T2 FLAIR = T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; T2*-EPI = T2*-weighted 3D echo planar imaging; FLAIR* = a voxel-wise product of T2 FLAIR and post-contrast T2*-EPI images; select6* = simplified counting method in which experts visually identified up to 6 CVS+ lesions on FLAIR* imaging." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Abigail R. Manning" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Vijay Letchuman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Melissa L. Martin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Elaina Gombos" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Timothy Roberts-Fitzgerald" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Quy Cao" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Praneeta Raza" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Carly M. O’Donnell" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Brian Renner" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Lynn Daboul" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Paulo Rodrigues" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Marc Ramos" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="John Derbyshire" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Christina Azevedo" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Amit Bar-Or" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Eduardo Caverzasi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Peter A. Calabresi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Bruce A. Cree" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Leorah Freeman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Roland G. Henry" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Erin E. Longbrake" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jiwon Oh" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Nico Papinutto" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Daniel Pelletier" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Rohini D. Samudralwar" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Suradech Suthiphosuwan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Matthew K. Schindler" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Michel Bilello" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jae W. Song" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Elias S. Sotirchos" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Nancy L. Sicotte" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Omar Al-Louzi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Andrew J. Solomon" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Daniel S. Reich" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Daniel Ontaneda" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Pascal Sati" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Russell T. Shinohara" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="the NAIMS Cooperative" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2024-09-27" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ORIGINAL RESEARCH" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The central vein sign (CVS) is a proposed diagnostic imaging biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS). The proportion of white matter lesions exhibiting the CVS (CVS+) is higher in patients with MS compared to its radiological mimics. Evaluation for CVS+ lesions in prior studies have been performed by manual rating, an approach that is time-consuming and has variable inter-rater reliability. Accurate automated methods would facilitate efficient assessment for CVS. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of an automated CVS detection method with manual rating for the diagnosis of MS.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3T MRI was acquired in 86 participants undergoing evaluation for MS in a 9-site multicenter study. Participants presented with either typical or atypical clinical syndromes for MS. An automated CVS detection method was employed and compared to manual rating, including total CVS+ proportion and a simplified counting method in which experts visually identified up to 6 CVS+ lesions using FLAIR* contrast (a voxel-wise product of T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; FLAIR and post-contrast T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;*-EPI images).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Automated CVS processing was completed in 79 of 86 participants (91%), of whom 28 (35%) fulfilled the 2017 McDonald criteria at the time of imaging. The area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) for discrimination between participants with and without MS for the automated CVS approach was 0.78 (95% confidence interval: [0.67,0.88]). This was not significantly different from simplified manual counting methods (select6*) (0.80 [0.69,0.91]) or manual assessment of total CVS+ proportion (0.89 [0.82,0.96]). In a sensitivity analysis excluding 11 participants whose MRI exhibited motion artifact, the AUC for the automated method was 0.81 [0.70,0.91], which was not statistically different from that for select6* (0.79 [0.68,0.92]) or manual assessment of total CVS+ proportion (0.89 [0.81,0.97]).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Automated CVS assessment was comparable to manual CVS scoring for differentiating patients with MS from those with other diagnoses. Large, prospective, multicenter studies utilizing automated methods and enrolling the breadth of disorders referred for suspicion of MS are needed to determine optimal approaches for clinical implementation of an automated CVS detection method.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ABBREVIATIONS: CVS= central vein sign; CVS+ = white matter lesions exhibiting the CVS; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MS = multiple sclerosis; T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; FLAIR = T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;*-EPI = T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;*-weighted 3D echo planar imaging; FLAIR* = a voxel-wise product of T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; FLAIR and post-contrast T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;*-EPI images; select6* = simplified counting method in which experts visually identified up to 6 CVS+ lesions on FLAIR* imaging.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_section" content="ORIGINAL RESEARCH" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Abigail R. Manning" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Vijay Letchuman" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Melissa L. Martin" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Elaina Gombos" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Timothy Roberts-Fitzgerald" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Quy Cao" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Praneeta Raza" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Carly M. O’Donnell" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Brian Renner" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Lynn Daboul" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Paulo Rodrigues" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Marc Ramos" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="John Derbyshire" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Christina Azevedo" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Amit Bar-Or" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Eduardo Caverzasi" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Peter A. Calabresi" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Bruce A. Cree" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Leorah Freeman" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Roland G. Henry" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Erin E. Longbrake" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Jiwon Oh" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Nico Papinutto" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Daniel Pelletier" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Rohini D. Samudralwar" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Suradech Suthiphosuwan" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Matthew K. Schindler" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Michel Bilello" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Jae W. Song" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Elias S. Sotirchos" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Nancy L. Sicotte" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Omar Al-Louzi" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Andrew J. Solomon" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Daniel S. Reich" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Daniel Ontaneda" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Pascal Sati" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Russell T. Shinohara" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="the NAIMS Cooperative" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The central vein sign (CVS) is a proposed diagnostic imaging biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS). The proportion of white matter lesions exhibiting the CVS (CVS+) is higher in patients with MS compared to its radiological mimics. Evaluation for CVS+ lesions in prior studies have been performed by manual rating, an approach that is time-consuming and has variable inter-rater reliability. Accurate automated methods would facilitate efficient assessment for CVS. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of an automated CVS detection method with manual rating for the diagnosis of MS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3T MRI was acquired in 86 participants undergoing evaluation for MS in a 9-site multicenter study. Participants presented with either typical or atypical clinical syndromes for MS. An automated CVS detection method was employed and compared to manual rating, including total CVS+ proportion and a simplified counting method in which experts visually identified up to 6 CVS+ lesions using FLAIR* contrast (a voxel-wise product of T2 FLAIR and post-contrast T2*-EPI images).

RESULTS: Automated CVS processing was completed in 79 of 86 participants (91%), of whom 28 (35%) fulfilled the 2017 McDonald criteria at the time of imaging. The area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) for discrimination between participants with and without MS for the automated CVS approach was 0.78 (95% confidence interval: [0.67,0.88]). This was not significantly different from simplified manual counting methods (select6*) (0.80 [0.69,0.91]) or manual assessment of total CVS+ proportion (0.89 [0.82,0.96]). In a sensitivity analysis excluding 11 participants whose MRI exhibited motion artifact, the AUC for the automated method was 0.81 [0.70,0.91], which was not statistically different from that for select6* (0.79 [0.68,0.92]) or manual assessment of total CVS+ proportion (0.89 [0.81,0.97]).

CONCLUSIONS: Automated CVS assessment was comparable to manual CVS scoring for differentiating patients with MS from those with other diagnoses. Large, prospective, multicenter studies utilizing automated methods and enrolling the breadth of disorders referred for suspicion of MS are needed to determine optimal approaches for clinical implementation of an automated CVS detection method.

ABBREVIATIONS: CVS= central vein sign; CVS+ = white matter lesions exhibiting the CVS; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MS = multiple sclerosis; T2 FLAIR = T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; T2*-EPI = T2*-weighted 3D echo planar imaging; FLAIR* = a voxel-wise product of T2 FLAIR and post-contrast T2*-EPI images; select6* = simplified counting method in which experts visually identified up to 6 CVS+ lesions on FLAIR* imaging." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2024/09/27/ajnr.A8510" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The central vein sign (CVS) is a proposed diagnostic imaging biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS). The proportion of white matter lesions exhibiting the CVS (CVS+) is higher in patients with MS compared to its radiological mimics. Evaluation for CVS+ lesions in prior studies have been performed by manual rating, an approach that is time-consuming and has variable inter-rater reliability. Accurate automated methods would facilitate efficient assessment for CVS. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of an automated CVS detection method with manual rating for the diagnosis of MS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3T MRI was acquired in 86 participants undergoing evaluation for MS in a 9-site multicenter study. Participants presented with either typical or atypical clinical syndromes for MS. An automated CVS detection method was employed and compared to manual rating, including total CVS+ proportion and a simplified counting method in which experts visually identified up to 6 CVS+ lesions using FLAIR* contrast (a voxel-wise product of T2 FLAIR and post-contrast T2*-EPI images).

RESULTS: Automated CVS processing was completed in 79 of 86 participants (91%), of whom 28 (35%) fulfilled the 2017 McDonald criteria at the time of imaging. The area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) for discrimination between participants with and without MS for the automated CVS approach was 0.78 (95% confidence interval: [0.67,0.88]). This was not significantly different from simplified manual counting methods (select6*) (0.80 [0.69,0.91]) or manual assessment of total CVS+ proportion (0.89 [0.82,0.96]). In a sensitivity analysis excluding 11 participants whose MRI exhibited motion artifact, the AUC for the automated method was 0.81 [0.70,0.91], which was not statistically different from that for select6* (0.79 [0.68,0.92]) or manual assessment of total CVS+ proportion (0.89 [0.81,0.97]).

CONCLUSIONS: Automated CVS assessment was comparable to manual CVS scoring for differentiating patients with MS from those with other diagnoses. Large, prospective, multicenter studies utilizing automated methods and enrolling the breadth of disorders referred for suspicion of MS are needed to determine optimal approaches for clinical implementation of an automated CVS detection method.

ABBREVIATIONS: CVS= central vein sign; CVS+ = white matter lesions exhibiting the CVS; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MS = multiple sclerosis; T2 FLAIR = T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; T2*-EPI = T2*-weighted 3D echo planar imaging; FLAIR* = a voxel-wise product of T2 FLAIR and post-contrast T2*-EPI images; select6* = simplified counting method in which experts visually identified up to 6 CVS+ lesions on FLAIR* imaging." />
<meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta name="og-image" property="og:image" content="" />
<link rel="shortlink" href="/node/111034" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node111034--5" data-node-nid="111034" id="top-node-111034--61999257091" data-pisa="ajnr;ajnr.A8510v1" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A8510" data-apath="/ajnr/early/2024/09/27/ajnr.A8510.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">ORIGINAL RESEARCH</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access highwire-citation-access-check" data-pisa-id="ajnr;ajnr.A8510" data-atom-uri="/ajnr/early/2024/09/27/ajnr.A8510.atom" data-request-view="full"></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Abigail R. Manning</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Vijay Letchuman</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Melissa L. Martin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Elaina Gombos</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Timothy Roberts-Fitzgerald</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Quy Cao</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Praneeta Raza</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Carly M. O’Donnell</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Brian Renner</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">Lynn Daboul</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">Paulo Rodrigues</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">Marc Ramos</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">John Derbyshire</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13">Christina Azevedo</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14">Amit Bar-Or</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15">Eduardo Caverzasi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16">Peter A. Calabresi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17">Bruce A. Cree</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18">Leorah Freeman</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19">Roland G. Henry</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20">Erin E. Longbrake</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="21">Jiwon Oh</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="22">Nico Papinutto</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="23">Daniel Pelletier</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="24">Rohini D. Samudralwar</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="25">Suradech Suthiphosuwan</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="26">Matthew K. Schindler</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="27">Michel Bilello</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="28">Jae W. Song</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="29">Elias S. Sotirchos</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="30">Nancy L. Sicotte</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="31">Omar Al-Louzi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="32">Andrew J. Solomon</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="33">Daniel S. Reich</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="34">Daniel Ontaneda</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="35">Pascal Sati</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="36">Russell T. Shinohara</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="37"><span class="nlm-collab" data-hwp-id="collab-1">the NAIMS Cooperative</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 2024,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">ajnr.A8510; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8510 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-111034--61999257091" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Abigail R. Manning </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Abigail%2BR.%2BManning%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Manning%20AR&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AAbigail%2BR.%2BManning%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Vijay Letchuman </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Vijay%2BLetchuman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Letchuman%20V&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AVijay%2BLetchuman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Melissa L. Martin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Melissa%2BL.%2BMartin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Martin%20ML&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMelissa%2BL.%2BMartin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Elaina Gombos </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Elaina%2BGombos%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gombos%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AElaina%2BGombos%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Timothy Roberts-Fitzgerald </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Timothy%2BRoberts-Fitzgerald%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Roberts-Fitzgerald%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ATimothy%2BRoberts-Fitzgerald%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Quy Cao </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Quy%2BCao%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cao%20Q&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AQuy%2BCao%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Praneeta Raza </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Praneeta%2BRaza%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Raza%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3APraneeta%2BRaza%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Carly M. O’Donnell </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Carly%2BM.%2BO%E2%80%99Donnell%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=O%E2%80%99Donnell%20CM&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ACarly%2BM.%2BO%25E2%2580%2599Donnell%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Brian Renner </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Brian%2BRenner%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Renner%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ABrian%2BRenner%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Lynn Daboul </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Lynn%2BDaboul%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Daboul%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ALynn%2BDaboul%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-10"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Paulo Rodrigues </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Paulo%2BRodrigues%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Rodrigues%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3APaulo%2BRodrigues%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-11"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Marc Ramos </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Marc%2BRamos%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ramos%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMarc%2BRamos%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-12"><div class="author-tooltip-name">John Derbyshire </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=John%2BDerbyshire%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Derbyshire%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJohn%2BDerbyshire%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-13"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Christina Azevedo </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Christina%2BAzevedo%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Azevedo%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AChristina%2BAzevedo%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-14"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Amit Bar-Or </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Amit%2BBar-Or%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bar-Or%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AAmit%2BBar-Or%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-15"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Eduardo Caverzasi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Eduardo%2BCaverzasi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Caverzasi%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AEduardo%2BCaverzasi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-16"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Peter A. Calabresi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Peter%2BA.%2BCalabresi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Calabresi%20PA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3APeter%2BA.%2BCalabresi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-17"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Bruce A. Cree </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Bruce%2BA.%2BCree%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cree%20BA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ABruce%2BA.%2BCree%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-18"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Leorah Freeman </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Leorah%2BFreeman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Freeman%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ALeorah%2BFreeman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-19"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Roland G. Henry </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Roland%2BG.%2BHenry%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Henry%20RG&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ARoland%2BG.%2BHenry%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-20"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Erin E. Longbrake </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Erin%2BE.%2BLongbrake%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Longbrake%20EE&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AErin%2BE.%2BLongbrake%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-21"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Jiwon Oh </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Jiwon%2BOh%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Oh%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJiwon%2BOh%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-22"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Nico Papinutto </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Nico%2BPapinutto%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Papinutto%20N&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ANico%2BPapinutto%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-23"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Daniel Pelletier </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Daniel%2BPelletier%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pelletier%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ADaniel%2BPelletier%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-24"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Rohini D. Samudralwar </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Rohini%2BD.%2BSamudralwar%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Samudralwar%20RD&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ARohini%2BD.%2BSamudralwar%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-25"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Suradech Suthiphosuwan </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Suradech%2BSuthiphosuwan%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Suthiphosuwan%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ASuradech%2BSuthiphosuwan%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-26"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Matthew K. Schindler </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Matthew%2BK.%2BSchindler%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Schindler%20MK&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMatthew%2BK.%2BSchindler%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-27"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Michel Bilello </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Michel%2BBilello%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bilello%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMichel%2BBilello%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-28"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Jae W. Song </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Jae%2BW.%2BSong%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Song%20JW&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJae%2BW.%2BSong%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-29"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Elias S. Sotirchos </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Elias%2BS.%2BSotirchos%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sotirchos%20ES&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AElias%2BS.%2BSotirchos%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-30"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Nancy L. Sicotte </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Nancy%2BL.%2BSicotte%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sicotte%20NL&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ANancy%2BL.%2BSicotte%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-31"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Omar Al-Louzi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Omar%2BAl-Louzi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Al-Louzi%20O&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AOmar%2BAl-Louzi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-32"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Andrew J. Solomon </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Andrew%2BJ.%2BSolomon%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Solomon%20AJ&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AAndrew%2BJ.%2BSolomon%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-33"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Daniel S. Reich </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Daniel%2BS.%2BReich%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Reich%20DS&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ADaniel%2BS.%2BReich%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-34"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Daniel Ontaneda </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Daniel%2BOntaneda%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ontaneda%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ADaniel%2BOntaneda%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-35"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Pascal Sati </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Pascal%2BSati%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sati%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3APascal%2BSati%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-36"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Russell T. Shinohara </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Russell%2BT.%2BShinohara%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Shinohara%20RT&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ARussell%2BT.%2BShinohara%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Abigail R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Manning</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Vijay</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Letchuman</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Melissa L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Martin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Elaina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gombos</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Timothy</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Roberts-Fitzgerald</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Quy</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cao</span></span>, <span 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class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="26"><span class="nlm-given-names">Matthew K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schindler</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="27"><span class="nlm-given-names">Michel</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bilello</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="28"><span class="nlm-given-names">Jae W.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Song</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="29"><span class="nlm-given-names">Elias S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sotirchos</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="30"><span class="nlm-given-names">Nancy L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sicotte</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="31"><span class="nlm-given-names">Omar</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Al-Louzi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="32"><span class="nlm-given-names">Andrew J.</span> <span 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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">ajnr.A8510; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8510 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Abigail R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Manning</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Vijay</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Letchuman</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Melissa L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Martin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Elaina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gombos</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Timothy</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Roberts-Fitzgerald</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Quy</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cao</span></span>, <span 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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">ajnr.A8510; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8510 </span></div>
  
  
  
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