Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology

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    Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology  
    



















    

































    
  
  




    
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      Research ArticleORIGINAL RESEARCH
  
      
  
      Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis  
    	Abigail R. Manning, Vijay Letchuman, Melissa L. Martin, Elaina Gombos, Timothy Roberts-Fitzgerald, Quy Cao, Praneeta Raza, Carly M. O’Donnell, Brian Renner, Lynn Daboul, Paulo Rodrigues, Marc Ramos, John Derbyshire, Christina Azevedo, Amit Bar-Or, Eduardo Caverzasi, Peter A. Calabresi, Bruce A. Cree, Leorah Freeman, Roland G. Henry, Erin E. Longbrake, Jiwon Oh, Nico Papinutto, Daniel Pelletier, Rohini D. Samudralwar, Suradech Suthiphosuwan, Matthew K. Schindler, Michel Bilello, Jae W. Song, Elias S. Sotirchos, Nancy L. Sicotte, Omar Al-Louzi, Andrew J. Solomon, Daniel S. Reich, Daniel Ontaneda, Pascal Sati, Russell T. Shinohara and the NAIMS Cooperative
  
    	American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2024,  ajnr.A8510; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8510 
  
  
  

Abigail R. Manning 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Vijay Letchuman 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Melissa L. Martin 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Elaina Gombos 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Timothy Roberts-Fitzgerald 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Quy Cao 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Praneeta Raza 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Carly M. O’Donnell 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Brian Renner 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Lynn Daboul 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Paulo Rodrigues 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Marc Ramos 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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John Derbyshire 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Christina Azevedo 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Amit Bar-Or 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Eduardo Caverzasi 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Peter A. Calabresi 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Bruce A. Cree 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Leorah Freeman 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Roland G. Henry 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Erin E. Longbrake 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Jiwon Oh 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Nico Papinutto 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Daniel Pelletier 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Rohini D. Samudralwar 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Suradech Suthiphosuwan 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Matthew K. Schindler 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Michel Bilello 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Jae W. Song 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Elias S. Sotirchos 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Nancy L. Sicotte 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Omar Al-Louzi 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Andrew J. Solomon 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Daniel S. Reich 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Daniel Ontaneda 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Pascal Sati 
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Russell T. Shinohara 
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    	ajnr.A8510 
  
  
  

  

  
  

			
		
	
	
 	
	  
  
		
		
			
			  
  
      
  
  
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https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8510
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
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39332906
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
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American Journal of Neuroradiology
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
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0195-6108
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
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1936-959X
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
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Published online September 27, 2024.
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  

  
  

  
      
  
  
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    Abigail R. Manning, 
Vijay Letchuman, 
Melissa L. Martin, 
Elaina Gombos, 
Timothy Roberts-Fitzgerald, 
Quy Cao, 
Praneeta Raza, 
Carly M. O’Donnell, 
Brian Renner, 
Lynn Daboul, 
Paulo Rodrigues, 
Marc Ramos, 
John Derbyshire, 
Christina Azevedo, 
Amit Bar-Or, 
Eduardo Caverzasi, 
Peter A. Calabresi, 
Bruce A. Cree, 
Leorah Freeman, 
Roland G. Henry, 
Erin E. Longbrake, 
Jiwon Oh, 
Nico Papinutto, 
Daniel Pelletier, 
Rohini D. Samudralwar, 
Suradech Suthiphosuwan, 
Matthew K. Schindler, 
Michel Bilello, 
Jae W. Song, 
Elias S. Sotirchos, 
Nancy L. Sicotte, 
Omar Al-Louzi, 
Andrew J. Solomon, 
Daniel S. Reich, 
Daniel Ontaneda, 
Pascal Sati, 
Russell T. Shinohara, 
the NAIMS Cooperative
From Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (ARM, MLM, TRF, QC, CMO, RTS), the Department of Neurology (ABO, RDS, MKS), the Department of Radiology (MB, JWS), and the Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (RTS), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (VL, LD, OAL, DSR, PS) and Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition (JD), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (EG, BR, NLS, OAL, PS), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (PR, LD) and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (DO), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; QMENTA Inc. (PR, MR), Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology (CA, DP), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (EC, BAC, RGH, NP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center (EC), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (PAC, ESS), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology (LF), Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (EEL), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (JO), and the Department of Medical Imaging (SS), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
Please address correspondence to Abigail R. Manning, BA, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United Stated of America; Abigail.manning{at}students.jefferson.edu.
  

  
  

  
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      Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis  
    	Abigail R. Manning, Vijay Letchuman, Melissa L. Martin, Elaina Gombos, Timothy Roberts-Fitzgerald, Quy Cao, Praneeta Raza, Carly M. O’Donnell, Brian Renner, Lynn Daboul, Paulo Rodrigues, Marc Ramos, John Derbyshire, Christina Azevedo, Amit Bar-Or, Eduardo Caverzasi, Peter A. Calabresi, Bruce A. Cree, Leorah Freeman, Roland G. Henry, Erin E. Longbrake, Jiwon Oh, Nico Papinutto, Daniel Pelletier, Rohini D. Samudralwar, Suradech Suthiphosuwan, Matthew K. Schindler, Michel Bilello, Jae W. Song, Elias S. Sotirchos, Nancy L. Sicotte, Omar Al-Louzi, Andrew J. Solomon, Daniel S. Reich, Daniel Ontaneda, Pascal Sati, Russell T. Shinohara, the NAIMS Cooperative
  
    	American Journal of Neuroradiology Sep 2024, ajnr.A8510; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8510 
  
  
  

  
  
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      Multicenter automated central vein sign detection performs as well as manual assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis  
    	Abigail R. Manning, Vijay Letchuman, Melissa L. Martin, Elaina Gombos, Timothy Roberts-Fitzgerald, Quy Cao, Praneeta Raza, Carly M. O’Donnell, Brian Renner, Lynn Daboul, Paulo Rodrigues, Marc Ramos, John Derbyshire, Christina Azevedo, Amit Bar-Or, Eduardo Caverzasi, Peter A. Calabresi, Bruce A. Cree, Leorah Freeman, Roland G. Henry, Erin E. Longbrake, Jiwon Oh, Nico Papinutto, Daniel Pelletier, Rohini D. Samudralwar, Suradech Suthiphosuwan, Matthew K. Schindler, Michel Bilello, Jae W. Song, Elias S. Sotirchos, Nancy L. Sicotte, Omar Al-Louzi, Andrew J. Solomon, Daniel S. Reich, Daniel Ontaneda, Pascal Sati, Russell T. Shinohara, the NAIMS Cooperative
  
    	American Journal of Neuroradiology Sep 2024, ajnr.A8510; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8510 
  
  
  

  

  
  

  
      
  
  
    
  
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Print ISSN: 0195-6108 Online ISSN: 1936-959X