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<meta name="twitter:description" content="SUMMARY: Fetal and neonatal MR imaging is increasingly used as a complementary diagnostic tool to sonography. MR imaging is an ideal technique for imaging fetuses and neonates because of the absence of ionizing radiation, the superior contrast of soft tissues compared with sonography, the availability of different contrast options, and the increased FOV. Motion in the normally mobile fetus and the unsettled, sleeping, or sedated neonate during a long acquisition will decrease image quality in the form of motion artifacts, hamper image interpretation, and often necessitate a repeat MR imaging to establish a diagnosis. This article reviews current techniques of motion compensation in fetal and neonatal MR imaging, including the following: 1) motion-prevention strategies (such as adequate patient preparation, patient coaching, and sedation, when required), 2) motion-artifacts minimization methods (such as fast imaging protocols, data undersampling, and motion-resistant sequences), and 3) motion-detection/correction schemes (such as navigators and self-navigated sequences, external motion-tracking devices, and postprocessing approaches) and their application in fetal and neonatal brain MR imaging. Additionally some background on the repertoire of motion of the fetal and neonatal patient and the resulting artifacts will be presented, as well as insights into future developments and emerging techniques of motion compensation.

### Abbreviations

bFFE
:   balanced fast-field echo
FLASH
:   fast low-angle shot
GRO
:   readout gradient
NSA
:   number of signal averages
PROPELLER
:   periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction
RF
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### Abbreviations

bFFE
:   balanced fast-field echo
FLASH
:   fast low-angle shot
GRO
:   readout gradient
NSA
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PROPELLER
:   periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction
RF
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 2012,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3128 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-49739--6688041929" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Malamateniou </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BMalamateniou%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Malamateniou%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BMalamateniou%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.J. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="contributors"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><span class="name">C. Malamateniou</span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><span class="name">S.J. Malik</span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-3"><span class="name">S.J. Counsell</span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-4"><span class="name">J.M. Allsop</span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-5"><span class="name">A.K. McGuinness</span><a id="xref-aff-1-5" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-6"><span class="name">T. Hayat</span><a id="xref-aff-1-6" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-7"><span class="name">K. Broadhouse</span><a id="xref-aff-1-7" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-8"><span class="name">R.G. Nunes</span><a id="xref-aff-1-8" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-9"><span class="name">A.M. Ederies</span><a id="xref-aff-1-9" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-10"><span class="name">J.V. Hajnal</span><a id="xref-aff-1-10" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a> and </li><li class="last" id="contrib-11"><span class="name">M.A. Rutherford</span><a id="xref-aff-1-11" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a></li></ol><ol class="affiliation-list"><li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a><address>From the Robert Steiner MRI Unit (C.M., S.J.M., S.J.C., J.M.A., A.K.M., T.H., K.B., R.G.N., J.V.H., M.A.R.), Imaging Sciences Department, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Imaging Technology (C.M.), Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering (R.G.N.), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; and Centre for the Developing Brain (A.M.E.), Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.</address></li></ol><ol class="corresp-list"><li class="corresp" id="corresp-1">Please address correspondence to Christina Malamateniou, PhD, Robert Steiner MRI Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, DuCane Rd, W12 0HS, London, UK; e-mail: <span class="em-link"><span class="em-addr">cm1{at}imperial.ac.uk</span></span></li></ol></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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