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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Neuroimaging Changes in Menkes Disease, Part 1" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5186" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2017-05-11" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="SUMMARY: Menkes disease is a rare multisystem X-linked disorder of copper metabolism. Despite an early, severe, and progressive neurologic involvement, our knowledge of brain involvement remains unsatisfactory. The first part of this retrospective and review MR imaging study aims to define the frequency rate, timing, imaging features, and evolution of intracranial vascular and white matter changes. According to our analysis, striking but also poorly evolutive vascular abnormalities characterize the very early phases of disease. After the first months, myelination delay becomes evident, often in association with protean focal white matter lesions, some of which reveal an age-specific brain vulnerability. In later phases of the disease, concomitant progressive neurodegeneration might hinder the myelination progression. The currently enriched knowledge of neuroradiologic finding evolution provides valuable clues for early diagnosis, identifies possible MR imaging biomarkers of new treatment efficacy, and improves our comprehension of possible mechanisms of brain injury in Menkes disease.

### Abbreviation

MD
:   Menkes disease" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Manara" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. D'Agata" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.C. Rocco" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Cusmai" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Freri" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Pinelli" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F. Darra" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Procopio" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Mardari" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Zanus" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Di Rosa" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Soddu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Severino" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Ermani" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Longo" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Sartori" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2017-05-11" />
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Neuroimaging Changes in Menkes Disease, Part 1" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;SUMMARY:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Menkes disease is a rare multisystem X-linked disorder of copper metabolism. Despite an early, severe, and progressive neurologic involvement, our knowledge of brain involvement remains unsatisfactory. The first part of this retrospective and review MR imaging study aims to define the frequency rate, timing, imaging features, and evolution of intracranial vascular and white matter changes. According to our analysis, striking but also poorly evolutive vascular abnormalities characterize the very early phases of disease. After the first months, myelination delay becomes evident, often in association with protean focal white matter lesions, some of which reveal an age-specific brain vulnerability. In later phases of the disease, concomitant progressive neurodegeneration might hinder the myelination progression. The currently enriched knowledge of neuroradiologic finding evolution provides valuable clues for early diagnosis, identifies possible MR imaging biomarkers of new treatment efficacy, and improves our comprehension of possible mechanisms of brain injury in Menkes disease.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="R. Manara" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy." />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="E. Freri" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="L. Pinelli" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="F. Darra" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="R. Mardari" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-7665" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="C. Zanus" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-4965" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="G. Di Rosa" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-3249" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="C. Soddu" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4758-7801" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="M. Severino" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4730-5322" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="M. Ermani" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-6190" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="D. Longo" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-736X" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="S. Sartori" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0012-6848" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Neuroimaging Changes in Menkes Disease, Part 1" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="SUMMARY: Menkes disease is a rare multisystem X-linked disorder of copper metabolism. Despite an early, severe, and progressive neurologic involvement, our knowledge of brain involvement remains unsatisfactory. The first part of this retrospective and review MR imaging study aims to define the frequency rate, timing, imaging features, and evolution of intracranial vascular and white matter changes. According to our analysis, striking but also poorly evolutive vascular abnormalities characterize the very early phases of disease. After the first months, myelination delay becomes evident, often in association with protean focal white matter lesions, some of which reveal an age-specific brain vulnerability. In later phases of the disease, concomitant progressive neurodegeneration might hinder the myelination progression. The currently enriched knowledge of neuroradiologic finding evolution provides valuable clues for early diagnosis, identifies possible MR imaging biomarkers of new treatment efficacy, and improves our comprehension of possible mechanisms of brain injury in Menkes disease.

### Abbreviation

MD
:   Menkes disease" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Neuroimaging Changes in Menkes Disease, Part 1" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2017/05/11/ajnr.A5186" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="SUMMARY: Menkes disease is a rare multisystem X-linked disorder of copper metabolism. Despite an early, severe, and progressive neurologic involvement, our knowledge of brain involvement remains unsatisfactory. The first part of this retrospective and review MR imaging study aims to define the frequency rate, timing, imaging features, and evolution of intracranial vascular and white matter changes. According to our analysis, striking but also poorly evolutive vascular abnormalities characterize the very early phases of disease. After the first months, myelination delay becomes evident, often in association with protean focal white matter lesions, some of which reveal an age-specific brain vulnerability. In later phases of the disease, concomitant progressive neurodegeneration might hinder the myelination progression. The currently enriched knowledge of neuroradiologic finding evolution provides valuable clues for early diagnosis, identifies possible MR imaging biomarkers of new treatment efficacy, and improves our comprehension of possible mechanisms of brain injury in Menkes disease.

### Abbreviation

MD
:   Menkes disease" />
<meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta name="og-image" property="og:image" content="" />
<link rel="shortlink" href="/node/54599" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node54599--5" data-node-nid="54599" id="top-node-54599--631647347" data-pisa="ajnr;ajnr.A5186v1" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5186" data-apath="/ajnr/early/2017/05/11/ajnr.A5186.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Review Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">REVIEW ARTICLE</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Neuroimaging Changes in Menkes Disease, Part 1</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">R. Manara</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">L. D'Agata</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">M.C. Rocco</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">R. Cusmai</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">E. Freri</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">L. Pinelli</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">F. Darra</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">E. Procopio</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">R. Mardari</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">C. Zanus</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">G. Di Rosa</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">C. Soddu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">M. Severino</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13">M. Ermani</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14">D. Longo</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15">S. Sartori</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 2017,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5186 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-54599--631647347" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Manara </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BManara%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Manara%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BManara%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5130-3971" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R. Manara</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. D'Agata </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BD%27Agata%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=D%27Agata%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BD%2527Agata%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3027-9618" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L. D'Agata</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.C. Rocco </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.C.%2BRocco%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Rocco%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.C.%2BRocco%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-7881" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M.C. Rocco</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Cusmai </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BCusmai%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cusmai%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BCusmai%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8047-8375" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R. Cusmai</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Freri </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BFreri%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Freri%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BFreri%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2293-8687" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Freri</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. Pinelli </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BPinelli%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pinelli%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BPinelli%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0177-7682" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L. Pinelli</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">F. Darra </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.%2BDarra%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Darra%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.%2BDarra%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-8438" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for F. Darra</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Procopio </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BProcopio%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Procopio%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BProcopio%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8534-9951" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Procopio</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Mardari </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BMardari%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mardari%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BMardari%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-7665" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R. Mardari</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Zanus </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BZanus%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zanus%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BZanus%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-4965" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Zanus</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-10"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Di Rosa </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BDi%2BRosa%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Di%20Rosa%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BDi%2BRosa%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-3249" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for G. Di Rosa</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-11"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Soddu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BSoddu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Soddu%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BSoddu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4758-7801" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Soddu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-12"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Severino </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BSeverino%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Severino%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BSeverino%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4730-5322" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Severino</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-13"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Ermani </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BErmani%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ermani%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BErmani%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-6190" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Ermani</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-14"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Longo </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BLongo%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Longo%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BLongo%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-736X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D. Longo</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-15"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Sartori </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Neuroradiology (R. Manara, M.C.R.), Sezione di Neuroscienze, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.D.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neurology Unit (R.C., D.L.), Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F.), Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy; Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.D.), Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit (E.P.), Department of Neuroscience, Meyer Children Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (R. Mardari, M.E.) and Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health (S.S.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (C.Z.), IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy; Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico “A. Cao” (C.S.), AOB Cagliari, Italy; and Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BSartori%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sartori%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BSartori%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0012-6848" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. 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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Manara</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">D'Agata</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rocco</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cusmai</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Freri</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pinelli</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Darra</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Procopio</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mardari</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zanus</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Di Rosa</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Soddu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Severino</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ermani</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Longo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sartori</span></span></span></div>
  
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