1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;8c5d5224300a457002fe271c043a9de88535426e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;8c5d5224300a457002fe271c043a9de88535426e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;8c5d5224300a457002fe271c043a9de88535426e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;8c5d5224300a457002fe271c043a9de88535426e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => d6f1215a-12ba-4d5f-9459-c137afa2073c
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 1fa5cb20-57cc-4a80-9b93-5ddfe3dd03cb
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;8c5d5224300a457002fe271c043a9de88535426e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => OpenAccess
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [4ddb2228-911d-499a-83f3-2ae730202823] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 4ddb2228-911d-499a-83f3-2ae730202823
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => OpenAccess
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [8a8b8592-e707-432b-8112-25c58452ab36] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 8a8b8592-e707-432b-8112-25c58452ab36
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;8c5d5224300a457002fe271c043a9de88535426e
                )

        )

)


  
    














































































































































    Current and Emerging MR Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Management of CSF Flow Disorders: A Review of Phase-Contrast and Time–Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse | American Journal of Neuroradiology  
    



















    































    
  
  




    
    

  

      


    

      

  
  
  

    

  

    

  

                
    

      

  

    

  
      
  
  

    


Advertisement



  



  


  
  



  



    

  


  


  


  
  
  
  
  
  

  	      



          


    
      

    
  
    
        
    

  

    
                        

  

                
    

      

	  

		
		

			

			  

  
      
  
  

    

  
  
      
Review ArticleReview Article

  
      
Open Access

  
      
Current and Emerging MR Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Management of CSF Flow Disorders: A Review of Phase-Contrast and Time–Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse
  
    	
S. Yamada, K. Tsuchiya, W.G. Bradley, M. Law, M.L. Winkler, M.T. Borzage, M. Miyazaki, E.J. Kelly and J.G. McComb

  
    	
American Journal of Neuroradiology April 2015,  36 (4) 623-630; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4030 

  
  
  



  


  
  



			

		

	
	
 	
	  
  

		
		

			

			  

  
      
  
  

    
  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    

  

    

  
      
  
  

    
REFERENCES
  1. 1.↵


    1. 

    2. Bradley  WG  Jr., 
    3. Kortman  KE, 
    4. Burgoyne  B
    . Flowing cerebrospinal fluid in normal and hydrocephalic states: appearance on MR images. Radiology 1986;159:611–16
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. 2.↵


    1. 

    2. Mark  AS, 
    3. Feinberg  DA, 
    4. Sze  GK, et al
    . Gated magnetic resonance imaging of the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Acta Radiol Suppl 1986;369:296–99
    PubMed
  3. 3.↵


    1. 

    2. Bradley  WG  Jr., 
    3. Whittemore  AR, 
    4. Kortman  KE, et al
    . Marked cerebrospinal fluid void: indicator of successful shunt in patients with suspected normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Radiology 1991;178:459–66
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. 4.↵


    1. 

    2. Krauss  JK, 
    3. Regel  JP, 
    4. Vach  W, et al
    . Flow void of cerebrospinal fluid in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly: can it predict outcome after shunting? Neurosurgery 1997;40:67–73, discussion 73–74
    PubMed
  5. 5.↵


    1. 

    2. Singer  JR
    . Nuclear magnetic resonance blood flow measurements. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1986;8:251–59
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵


    1. 

    2. Singer  JR, 
    3. Crooks  LE
    . Nuclear magnetic resonance blood flow measurements in the human brain. Science 1983;221:654–56
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  7. 7.↵


    1. 

    2. Feinberg  DA, 
    3. Mark  AS
    . Human brain motion and cerebrospinal fluid circulation demonstrated with MR velocity imaging. Radiology 1987;163:793–99
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. 8.↵


    1. 

    2. Dumoulin  CL, 
    3. Yucel  EK, 
    4. Vock  P, et al
    . Two- and three-dimensional phase contrast MR angiography of the abdomen. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990;14:779–84
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵


    1. 

    2. Tsuruda  JS, 
    3. Shimakawa  A, 
    4. Pelc  NJ, et al
    . Dural sinus occlusion: evaluation with phase-sensitive gradient-echo MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:481–88
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  10. 10.↵


    1. 

    2. Connor  SE, 
    3. O'Gorman  R, 
    4. Summers  P, et al
    . SPAMM, cine phase contrast imaging and fast spin-echo T2-weighted imaging in the study of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Clin Radiol 2001;56:763–72
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.↵


    1. 

    2. Saloner  D
    . The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: an introduction to MR angiography. Radiographics 1995;15:453–65
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. 12.↵


    1. 

    2. Balédent  O, 
    3. Gondry-Jouet  C, 
    4. Meyer  ME, et al
    . Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and blood dynamics in healthy volunteers and patients with communicating hydrocephalus. Invest Radiol 2004;39:45–55
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  13. 13.↵


    1. 

    2. Greitz  D, 
    3. Hannerz  J, 
    4. Rähn  T, et al
    . MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in health and disease: on the vascular pathogenesis of communicating hydrocephalus and benign intracranial hypertension. Acta Radiol 1994;35:204–11
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  14. 14.↵


    1. 

    2. Wagshul  ME, 
    3. Chen  JJ, 
    4. Egnor  MR, et al
    . Amplitude and phase of cerebrospinal fluid pulsations: experimental studies and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2006;104:810–19
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. 15.↵


    1. 

    2. Greitz  D
    . Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and associated intracranial dynamics: a radiologic investigation using MR imaging and radionuclide cisternography. Acta Radiol Suppl 1993;386:1–23
    PubMed
  16. 16.↵


    1. 

    2. Naidich  TP, 
    3. Altman  NR, 
    4. Gonzalez-Arias  SM
    . Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging: normal cerebrospinal fluid oscillation and applications to hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1993;4:677–705
    PubMed
  17. 17.↵


    1. 

    2. Bateman  GA, 
    3. Levi  CR, 
    4. Schofield  P, et al
    . The pathophysiology of the aqueduct stroke volume in normal pressure hydrocephalus: can co-morbidity with other forms of dementia be excluded? Neuroradiology 2005;47:741–48
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. 18.↵


    1. 

    2. Stoquart-ElSankari  S, 
    3. Balédent  O, 
    4. Gondry-Jouet  C, et al
    . Aging effects on cerebral blood and cerebrospinal fluid flows. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007;27:1563–72
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. 19.↵


    1. 

    2. Bradley  WG  Jr., 
    3. Scalzo  D, 
    4. Queralt  J, et al
    . Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: evaluation with cerebrospinal fluid flow measurements at MR imaging. Radiology 1996;198:523–29
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  20. 20.↵


    1. 

    2. Luetmer  PH, 
    3. Huston  J, 
    4. Friedman  JA, et al
    . Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow at the cerebral aqueduct by use of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging: technique validation and utility in diagnosing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2002;50:534–43, discussion 543–44
    PubMedWeb of Science
  21. 21.↵


    1. 

    2. Egeler-Peerdeman  SM, 
    3. Barkhof  F, 
    4. Walchenbach  R, et al
    . Cine phase-contrast MR imaging in normal pressure hydrocephalus patients: relation to surgical outcome. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1998;71:340–42
    PubMed
  22. 22.↵


    1. 

    2. Dixon  GR, 
    3. Friedman  JA, 
    4. Luetmer  PH, et al
    . Use of cerebrospinal fluid flow rates measured by phase-contrast MR to predict outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:509–14
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. 23.↵


    1. 

    2. Poca  MA, 
    3. Sahuquillo  J, 
    4. Busto  M, et al
    . Agreement between CSF flow dynamics in MRI and ICP monitoring in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus: sensitivity and specificity of CSF dynamics to predict outcome. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2002;81:7–10
    PubMed
  24. 24.↵


    1. 

    2. Gideon  P, 
    3. Ståhlberg  F, 
    4. Thomsen  C, et al
    . Cerebrospinal fluid flow and production in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus studied by MRI. Neuroradiology 1994;36:210–15
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. 25.↵


    1. 

    2. Haughton  VM, 
    3. Korosec  FR, 
    4. Medow  JE, et al
    . Peak systolic and diastolic CSF velocity in the foramen magnum in adult patients with Chiari I malformations and in normal control participants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:169–76
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  26. 26.↵


    1. 

    2. Iskandar  BJ, 
    3. Quigley  M, 
    4. Haughton  VM
    . Foramen magnum cerebrospinal fluid flow characteristics in children with Chiari I malformation before and after craniocervical decompression. J Neurosurg 2004;101(2 suppl):169–78
    PubMed
  27. 27.↵


    1. 

    2. Quigley  MF, 
    3. Iskandar  B, 
    4. Quigley  ME, et al
    . Cerebrospinal fluid flow in foramen magnum: temporal and spatial patterns at MR imaging in volunteers and in patients with Chiari I malformation. Radiology 2004;232:229–36
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  28. 28.↵


    1. 

    2. Bateman  GA
    . Vascular compliance in normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1574–85
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  29. 29.↵


    1. 

    2. Bateman  GA, 
    3. Loiselle  AM
    . Can MR measurement of intracranial hydrodynamics and compliance differentiate which patient with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus will improve following shunt insertion? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2007;149:455–62, discussion 462
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. 30.↵


    1. 

    2. Balédent  O, 
    3. Henry-Feugeas  MC, 
    4. Idy-Peretti  I
    . Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and relation with blood flow: a magnetic resonance study with semiautomated cerebrospinal fluid segmentation. Invest Radiol 2001;36:368–77
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. 31.↵


    1. 

    2. Henry-Feugeas  MC, 
    3. Idy-Peretti  I, 
    4. Baledent  O, et al
    . Cerebrospinal fluid flow waveforms: MR analysis in chronic adult hydrocephalus. Invest Radiol 2001;36:146–54
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. 32.↵


    1. 

    2. Kahlon  B, 
    3. Annertz  M, 
    4. Ståhlberg  F, et al
    . Is aqueductal stroke volume, measured with cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging scans useful in predicting outcome of shunt surgery in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus? Neurosurgery 2007;60:124–29, discussion 129–30
    PubMed
  33. 33.↵


    1. 

    2. Scollato  A, 
    3. Tenenbaum  R, 
    4. Bahl  G, et al
    . Changes in aqueductal CSF stroke volume and progression of symptoms in patients with unshunted idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:192–97
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  34. 34.↵


    1. 

    2. Egnor  M, 
    3. Zheng  L, 
    4. Rosiello  A, et al
    . A model of pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 2002;36:281–303
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. 35.↵


    1. 

    2. Branco  G, 
    3. Goulão  A, 
    4. Ferro  JM
    . MRI in aqueduct compression and obstructive hydrocephalus due to an ecstatic basilar artery. Neuroradiology 1993;35:447–48
    CrossRefPubMed
  36. 36.↵


    1. 

    2. Bradley  WG
    . Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and shunt responsiveness in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:507–08
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  37. 37.↵


    1. 

    2. Yamada  S, 
    3. Miyazaki  M, 
    4. Kanazawa  H, et al
    . Visualization of cerebrospinal fluid movement with spin labeling at MR imaging: preliminary results in normal and pathophysiologic conditions. Radiology 2008;249:644–52
    CrossRefPubMed
  38. 38.↵


    1. 

    2. Miyazaki  M, 
    3. Lee  VS
    . Nonenhanced MR angiography. Radiology 2008;248:20–43
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  39. 39.↵


    1. 

    2. Chen  X, 
    3. Xia  C, 
    4. Sun  J, et al
    . Nonenhanced renal artery MR angiography with time spatial labeling inversion pulse technology and its clinical values[in Chinese]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2010;41:881–84
    PubMed
  40. 40.↵


    1. 

    2. Hori  M, 
    3. Aoki  S, 
    4. Oishi  H, et al
    . Utility of time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material for assessment of intracranial dural arterio-venous fistula. Acta Radiol 2011;52:808–12
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  41. 41.↵


    1. 

    2. Ishimori  Y, 
    3. Monma  M, 
    4. Kawamura  H, et al
    . Time spatial labeling inversion pulse cerebral MR angiography without subtraction by use of dual inversion recovery background suppression. Radiol Phys Technol 2011;4:78–83
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. 42.↵


    1. 

    2. Kogure  T, 
    3. Kogure  K, 
    4. Iizuka  M, et al
    . Effective use of flow-spoiled FBI and time-SLIP methods in the diagnostic study of an aberrant vessel of the head and neck: “left jugular venous steal by the right jugular vein.” J Magn Reson Imaging 2010;32:429–33
    CrossRefPubMed
  43. 43.↵


    1. 

    2. Satogami  N, 
    3. Okada  T, 
    4. Koyama  T, et al
    . Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches: non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009;30:678–83
    CrossRefPubMed
  44. 44.↵


    1. 

    2. Sugita  R, 
    3. Furuta  A, 
    4. Horaguchi  J, et al
    . Visualization of pancreatic juice movement using unenhanced MR imaging with spin labeling: preliminary results in normal and pathophysiologic conditions. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012;35:1119–24
    CrossRefPubMed
  45. 45.↵


    1. 

    2. Yamada  S, 
    3. Goto  T
    . Understanding of cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in idiopathic hydrocephalus (A) visualization of CSF bulk flow with MRI time-spatial labeling pulse method (time-SLIP) [in Japanese]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2010;50:966–70
    CrossRefPubMed
  46. 46.↵


    1. 

    2. Yamada  S, 
    3. Shibata  M, 
    4. Scadeng  M, et al
    . MRI tracer study of the cerebrospinal fluid drainage pathway in normal and hydrocephalic guinea pig brain. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2005;30:21–29
    PubMed
  47. 47.↵


    1. 

    2. Yamada  S, 
    3. Goto  T, 
    4. McComb  JG
    . Use of a spin-labeled cerebrospinal fluid magnetic resonance imaging technique to demonstrate successful endoscopic fenestration of an enlarging symptomatic cavum septi pellucidi. World Neurosurg 2013:80:436.e15–18
  48. 48.↵


    1. 

    2. Shaw  CM, 
    3. Alvord  EC  Jr.
    . Cava septi pellucid et vergae: their normal and pathological states. Brain 1969;92:213–23
    FREE Full Text
  49. 49.↵


    1. 

    2. Yamada  S, 
    3. Miyazaki  M, 
    4. Yamashita  Y, et al
    . Influence of respiration on cerebrospinal fluid movement using magnetic resonance spin labeling. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013;10:36
    CrossRefPubMed
  


  
  



  




  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
  


  
  



  
      
  
  

     Back to top  


  
  



			

		

		
		

			

			  

  
        
In this issue

    
  
  

    
  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    

  

    

  
      
  
  

    


Advertisement



  



  


  
  



  



  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    

	  
  

		

          

            

  
      
  
  

     Print  


  
  



  
      
  
  

     Download PDF  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
 Email Article
  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
 Citation Tools
  


  
  



          

        

        
        

          

            



  
      
  
  

    

  

    

  
      
  
  

    

  
  
  
  
      
Current and Emerging MR Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Management of CSF Flow Disorders: A Review of Phase-Contrast and Time–Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse
  
    	
S. Yamada, K. Tsuchiya, W.G. Bradley, M. Law, M.L. Winkler, M.T. Borzage, M. Miyazaki, E.J. Kelly, J.G. McComb

  
    	
 American Journal of Neuroradiology Apr 2015, 36 (4) 623-630; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4030 

  
  
  



  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    

  
    
  
  
    
  
  
    
  


  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  


  
  



  



  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
  


  
  



          

        

	
 	
	
	


  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
              Purchase  


  
  



  
        
Jump to section

    
  
  

    
  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
  


  
  



			

		

	
	
 	
	
	


    

  



  

                
    

      

  

    

  
      
  
  

    


Advertisement